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Our findings confirm that it is possible to successfully extend current approaches to urban energy efficiency strategies to include demand side water efficiency, adding an important building block to the construction of an integrated Nexus-based approach to green development strategies at the city-level. With additional € 28.5 million, households could be equipped with more costly appliances reaching an overall water reduction of 37% by 2020. The results show that, with an upfront investment of € 17 million, a feasible subset of Bologna’s households could be equipped with five selected cost-effective measures, generating annual savings of € 10.2 million and reducing the total domestic water consumption of 34% by 2020 compared to the 2012 initial value. Measures were evaluated through their capital investment, annual values of savings, payback period and reduction in consumption, and then aggregated in different scenarios in order to highlight potential urban investments and to showcase a possible approach to the prioritization of demand side water efficiency measures. We have then applied the adapted ELCC framework to the case study of the domestic sector of the city of Bologna (Italy), identifying and prioritizing several efficiency measures. To test this hypothesis we have taken a robust and well accepted methodology, the ELCC (Economics of Low Carbon development strategies for Cities) developed by SEI and CCCEP, and we have extended it to the case of demand side water efficiency strategies for cities. The purpose of our paper is to investigate whether it is possible to take one step in this direction by extending existing approaches to energy efficiency strategies to progressively include other priority resources, in particular water. The attention of research has been focusing on the development of energy efficient, low carbon strategies, yet city decision-makers need truly integrated approaches, as the one. Read moreĬities are major contributors to global emissions, producers of waste and consumers of resources such as energy, water and food: implementing green development strategies is hence a core challenge of modern city-planning. In this chapter, however, we shall concentrate on our six “pure” strategies and attempt to compare these different paths to development.
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These combinations cohere in a way that many assemblages of economic policies do not.
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This is the case, say, of the redistributive and green revolution strategies as well as the open economy and monetarist strategies. Although for purposes of analysis we have treated these six strategies as discrete, some of the features overlap or, if one prefers, some of the strategies combine together rather naturally. Socialist strategy, has been divided into four sub-strategies which we have called the Soviet or Stalinist strategy, the Yugoslav self-management strategy, the Chinese or Maoist strategy and the self-reliant strategy of North Korea. The first five we have called Monetarism, the Open Economy, Industrialisation, the Green Revolution and Redistributive strategies of development. Five of these strategies apply to capitalist countries and one to the socialist countries. Six broad strategies of economic development have been identified and their features discussed.